J Plant Biotechnol 2017; 44(4): 372-378
Published online December 31, 2017
https://doi.org/10.5010/JPB.2017.44.4.372
© The Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology
김세희
농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 과수과,
농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 인삼과
Correspondence to : e-mail: ezsehee@korea.kr
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
For comparison of the transcription profiles in apple (
Keywords Anthocyanin, Gene expression, Transcription factor, Breeding, Cultivars
사과나무(
사과 품종 육성 초기에는 대과, 고당도 품종 개발이 육종 목표였으나 최근 붉은색 과육, 항산화 기능이 높은 품종 개발 목표가 추가되었다. 사과 유전자원을 수확기의 과육색으로 분류하면 백색 과육과 적색 과육으로 나뉘어진다. 우리
나라에서는 수확했을 때 과육색이 백색인 품종을 주로 재배하고 있지만, 소비자들의 요구는 기능성 성분 함량이 높은 품종으로 변화하고 있다. 사과의 기능성 성분 함량은 백색 과육보다는 적색 과육에 더 많이 함유되어 있어, 기능성 물질의 섭취를 위해 적색 과육 사과 품종의 육성이 필요하다. 전 세계적으로 과육까지 붉은 사과 품종은 ‘Redfield’, ‘Okanagan’, ‘Purple Wave’ 등 여러 품종이 육성되었으나 대체로 산도가 높아 식미는 불량한 편이다. 적육계 사과의 식미를 개량하기 위해서 여러 조합과 세대를 진전시켜야 하며, 조기선발 분자표지 개발 등 육종연한 단축을 위한 연구가 필요하다. 과수에서 색소를 나타내는 flavonoid는 식물의 꽃, 과실, 잎, 줄기, 뿌리, 종자 등 식물체 전체 부위에 존재하며 생장과 발육, 미생물과 해충에 대한 방어, 약리적 효과, 강력한 항산화 활성을 가지고 있다(Forkmann and Martens 2001). 사과에서 꽃, 과실, 잎 등이 적색으로 발현하는 데에는
본 연구는 기존에 보고된
본 연구에 사용한 재료는 농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에 재식되어 있는 적색 과피, 적색 과육 사과 품종, ‘Redfield’와 녹색 과피, 백색 과육 사과 품종인 ‘Granny Smith’ 과실을 시기별로 채취하여 액체질소를 사용하여 분쇄하였다. 만개 후 7주에 과실을 수확하였고, RNA 분리 방법은 Pine Tees Methods (Shujun et al. 1993)에 따라서 다음과 같이 수행하였다. 분쇄한 3 g의 시료에 15 mL의 추출용액(2% CTAB, 2% PVP, 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 25 mM EDTA, 2.0 M NaCl, 0.05% spermidine, 2%
‘Redfield’와 ‘Granny Smith’ 전사체 분석 결과에서 찾은 SNP를 매트릭스로 만들어 변이 과정을 거친 후 동형(homozygous) SNP와 이형(heterozygous) SNP로 나누었고, SNP 선발 조건은 3 이상으로 하였다. ‘Redfield’와 ‘Granny Smith’의 SNP 비교분석은 동일한 SNP 위치에서 두 시료 간에 서로 동형 SNP인 경우만을 선발하였고, 두 시료 간에 탐색되는 다형성을 나타내는 SNP 554개가 선발되었다. GO분석은 TAIR10_ID을 이용하여 DAVID (
HRM 분석(Wittwer et al. 2003)에 필요한 프라이머 제작을 위해 참조한 제놈과 주석 정보는 JGI Phytozome에서 사과(
Table 1 Summary of the development of SNP markers in ‘Redfield’ and ‘Granny Smith’
Sample | Total SNP | Homozygous SNP | Heterozygous SNP | Polymorphism SNP | HRM primer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Redfield | 2,236 | 1,164 | 1,072 | 554 | 103 |
Granny Smith | 1,373 | 717 | 656 |
Table 2 PCR amplicons showing polymorphic HRM profiles in ‘Redfield’ and ‘Granny Smith’
SNP ID | Variations | TAIR10 hit | Forward primer | Reverse primer | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDC002231.658 | T/C | FAR1-related sequence 4 | AACAGTTTGTGAACCACGGC | GCACCGCTTCTTCTAATGCG | 129 |
MDC003558.335 | A/C | ATP synthase delta-subunit gene | CTGCACCTGCTTCGCTATCT | CCAAGCGCATCGACCTGATA | 143 |
MDC003940.103 | A/C | Phosphoglycerate kinase family protein | TGGGCAGCAAAAGAGACACT | GCACAAGGTCTCTCAGTCGG | 109 |
MDC004004.245 | A/G | NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase | CAAAGCAATGGCAGCTGAGG | CAGAGGGATCAGCAAGTGGG | 118 |
MDC004582.94 | C/T | protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A | TGTTCAAATCTTCCAGCAGCA | GCTCGTGTGTAATGCTGCTG | 137 |
MDC005276.240 | G/A | NAD(P)-binding superfamily protein | GCCTCCATCACCTGCTTCTT | TCAATGCTATTGCCCGTGGT | 88 |
MDC006621.191 | A/C | intergenic | ACAGTAGAGTTTGATTTGCCCCT | TGTTTTCACTCCAAACACCAACT | 133 |
MDC006639.149 | C/T | cell elongation protein / DWARF1 | GAAGCCCCAATGTTCCCTGA | TTCTTGCAGATGGCCGAGTT | 96 |
MDC006684.239 | G/A | O-Glycosyl hydrolases 17 protein | TCTGACTTGCGGCTCAAAGT | GCATGTTTGGGGATGTTCGG | 101 |
MDC006833.367 | C/G | Calcium-dependent lipid-binding protein | ACAGCCAACATCAGCTCTCC | TCCTCCTGACAGTCCTCTGG | 87 |
MDC008445.171 | C/T | chaperonin 20 | CGCTGATGCCCACTTTTGTC | AAACCGGCGGTGGAATTTTG | 114 |
MDC009250.268 | T/C | alpha/beta-Hydrolases superfamily | TTCCAGTGTCGAGGGATCCT | AGTTCCGCGTCAAGTGAGAG | 126 |
MDC009297.162 | A/G | actin 7 | GTCTCGTCCAGCAAGGTCAA | GTGCTTGACTCTGGTGATGGA | 99 |
MDC009752.161 | A/G | pumilio 1 | AAGCTGCCTGGCATGATTCT | CGCGTTTTCCAGCATGAACT | 142 |
MDC010692.100 | G/A | Mov34/MPN/PAD-1 family protein | TGCCAATGTAGGAAGGCAGG | CAGTGTCGAGCATTGTTCCC | 104 |
MDC011349.124 | G/A | respiratory burst oxidase homologue D | ATGCAACCGCCATCAAAACC | ACAGCGATGACTACGAGCTG | 126 |
MDC011437.437 | A/G | UDP-Glycosyltransferase family protein | TGTCCTTCCCTGGTCAGAGA | TACACATGGGTCAGCTGCAG | 95 |
MDC012729.141 | C/T | COP1-interacting protein 8 | TGAAGGCGAAGAGAACCAGG | GCCCAATCCAGAATCCGGTT | 141 |
MDC013033.69 | G/A | NAC domain containing protein 2 | TCCCAGGGGTCGAACTTGTA | GACGGACGAAGAGCTAGTCG | 108 |
MDC013255.329 | A/G | ribosomal protein L5 B | TGAGACCAACTTCAAGCCCA | GCCCAAATTGTATCTGCCAGC | 94 |
MDC013370.143 | T/C | MDP0000678862:cds | TAGGTTCCCGTTCAGGCATG | TCTTGGTCGTGGTCATGGTG | 84 |
MDC013467.418 | G/A | envelope membrane of chloroplasts 159 | TAGTTGTTCGGAGCTGCTGG | TTTCCCTCGGGCGAAACTAC | 98 |
MDC017371.127 | T/C | Stabilizer of iron transporter SufD | GGCCACCCATCAAGTTCCTT | TGCACTCTCTTGCTGGACAG | 136 |
MDC017906.52 | G/T | NAC domain containing protein 83 | ACTGGGTTCTTTGCCGCATA | AACAGGCCTCGAGTTCTTGG | 110 |
MDC018518.81 | T/C | SAUR-like auxin-responsive protein | AGTACAGGCCGAAGAGGAGT | TCCTCGATGCTCAAGAACCG | 141 |
MDC018809.596 | T/G | monodehydroascorbate reductase 1 | TAGCCTTGTTCTCCTCCGGA | CTGTGCTCTTCGGAGACAGT | 123 |
MDC019312.167 | T/G | coatomer gamma-2 subunit | AAGGAGGTTAAGTCGCAGCC | GCATCAACTGTGGATGCAGG | 101 |
MDC019909.124 | T/C | DC1 domain-containing protein | AGTCGCTCTTCGGTGAAAGG | GAAAAGTGCCCTTGAGTCGC | 148 |
MDC039955.18 | T/C | NADH-dependent glutamate synthase 1 | TTCCACCGGAAGATGTCAGC | CCTTTGAAGCCACTCCCCAT | 146 |
MDC000414.122 | T/C | isoamylase 3 | CAGGCAGCTTCGGAATGCTA | TCTCCCAATGACATCGTGCC | 118 |
MDC000453.153 | A/G | alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase 2 | ACAAACAACATTTCTGCAGCTGT | TGCAGCAAAGGGATCCTTGA | 84 |
MDC000453.153 | G/A | alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase 2 | ACCATGGAAAAGCAGAACAGC | ATGGTCAACCCTCCCAAACC | 143 |
MDC000697.296 | G/A | Ribosomal protein L6 family | TCGACAGAAATGCCATGTCA | ACGCAAAAACAAACACCCTTCA | 113 |
MDC000727.1264 | T/G | ubiquitin-specific protease 6 | TCCTCCGGAGAGTTTGGTGA | TGGTTCAAGGGAAATGGATCCA | 83 |
MDC000757.377 | T/G | intergenic | CTCGTGCAGATTAAGGGAGTCA | GCATGGTGCAGTTTAAACTTCA | 150 |
MDC001307.439 | T/C | RING/U-box superfamily protein | AACACCGCACAGTAGTCGTT | ACAGGAGACTACTGCTTGATGAC | 133 |
MDC001616.305 | C/G | intergenic | ACAGGAGGGAGGATGTCGAA | CTGAGATCCTTGACGGTGGC | 131 |
MDC002470.355 | G/A | carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 | TCCTGGCGAATGAGGAAAGC | GCTAGAAGCTTCCCATGGTGA | 120 |
MDC002602.408 | C/G | vacuolar ATP synthase subunit A | ACTTCAGAGATATGGGCTACA | AATTACCAGCCGCCCAGAAA | 95 |
MDC002841.101 | G/T | Ribosomal protein S11 family protein | TCAGCATGTGACTGATCTGTCA | CCCAACATGAGCCAATGGTG | 128 |
MDC003115.218 | A/T | ADP-ribosylation factor A1B | CCAGACGGTGAAGCTGATGT | TCACTTCTCTGATGTCTTGTGGA | 140 |
MDC004070.283 | T/C | Uncharacterised protein family | AGCAGCTTCCATGGAAACCA | AGAGGTAGTCGGGTTTGGGG | 110 |
MDC004461.290 | A/G | intergenic | TGTCCATACAGTTTCGACGC | GGTTGTCCTACGCTTTCCGA | 112 |
MDC005247.512 | T/C | Ribosomal protein S4 family protein | ACAGGCTCGTGGTTTGAAGA | GGAACGACAACCATTGCACG | 144 |
MDC005247.512 | G/A | Ribosomal protein S4 family protein | CAAGCCTTCGTCTGGACCTC | CGGTCCTCACTTTCCCATCA | 149 |
MDC005445.136 | C/T | pyrophosphorylase 4 | GCATGAGTGGGTGAAGGTCA | CGGCGCTTCTTTGAGGACTA | 139 |
MDC005694.146 | A/G | Rubredoxin-like superfamily protein | TGCAGAGGATGAGCATGATG | CCATCCGGTCCAATTCAGGG | 148 |
MDC005697.432 | G/C | tubulin alpha-2 chain | GGAAATGAGCTGCTCAGGGT | CACCTTCTTCTCCGAGACCG | 133 |
MDC005923.474 | G/A | 20S proteasome beta subunit E1 | GCCCGAACCAACAGAAAACC | ATCCTCGTTTGAGTGCAGGG | 90 |
MDC006455.356 | A/G | homology to ABI1 | TGGGTCTACAGCTGTCGTTG | TCAGTACGCCATAAACACATGC | 147 |
MDC007040.105 | C/T | citrate synthase 2 | TTGTGAGTGCGATGAGTGCT | GCATCGAACAATGGACCCCT | 138 |
MDC007099.161 | T/A | UDP-D-galactose 4-epimerase 1 | GAGCCCCGACAGGATTGAAG | AGGGATGCATCCTTTGTCTTCT | 138 |
MDC007394.373 | C/T | O-Glycosyl hydrolases family 17 protein | ATTTTGCCACGCACCACTTC | CGTTGTGTGATTTAGGATGGTGC | 118 |
MDC008133.431 | G/A | Protein of unknown function (DUF581) | GGTAACACACCGTTTTGCAGT | ACGGTTTTGTTAGCGGTGGA | 137 |
MDC008385.321 | C/T | glyoxylate reductase 1 | ACCGGAATGACGCACAAGAA | GCATTCTTGAGCAGATTTGTGC | 147 |
MDC009092.100 | A/G | stromal cell-derived factor 2-like protein | GATCTCGACACTGGCTACGC | GTACGTGACCTGCCCAGATC | 144 |
MDC009177.321 | A/G | tripeptidyl peptidase ii | ACTTCGAAGGTAGTCAAGGCC | TCTCAAGGAAGATGCAGGAA | 142 |
MDC009229.176 | T/C | IQ-domain 21 | CAACAGCAATGGCATGGCTT | TGAGCATTTTCCAGCGGAGA | 113 |
MDC009297.162 | A/G | actin 7 | CCTGTAGTACGCCCACTAGC | TGAATCCTAAGGCCAACAGGG | 121 |
MDC009552.126 | A/G | Pyruvate kinase family protein | AACTGGCATTGTGGGTCGAT | ATTCTGGTGGGTGCATTTGG | 132 |
MDC010328.215 | T/C | Class II aaRS and biotin synthetases | TGCGAAGGAAAAACGAGATGC | TCATCACACCAAGGAGCCAA | 105 |
MDC010706.416 | T/A | Late Embryogenesis Abundant 4-5 | TTGGTCGCATTCCCACCTAC | TCACCAGATGTCCGCACTTC | 150 |
MDC010707.221 | T/A | EamA-like transporter family protein | AGATGATGCAAATCGCCTTTG | GGAGCATCTTTGGTTCCATTGC | 92 |
MDC011159.221 | A/G | RING/U-box superfamily protein | GAACGAGAATGCGACAACGG | TGCTTGTTCCCCCGATTTCA | 148 |
MDC011198.306 | T/G | Leucine-rich repeat protein kinase | TTGGGACGGATGTTTACCCG | CCGAGATTCGCAAGTCCAGT | 101 |
MDC011283.417 | T/C | intergenic | CCATGACGAAACCGAATCGC | TGGGATTTGATGATTTGGGTGT | 122 |
MDC011443.229 | T/C | regulatory particle AAA-ATPase 2A | GTGGGAGCTCAACTGCTTCT | GGTGCTTTCTGTTGTTGGGC | 149 |
MDC011610.336 | C/T | heteroglycan glucosidase 1 | CATCCAGCAGAGCGGTACTC | TTCATGTGGTGATTGCAGGG | 97 |
MDC011703.39 | T/A | MDP0000775972:cds | GAACCGGTTTCGACTCCACA | GGTGTCCGAGGAGGTTGAAG | 122 |
MDC011914.230 | A/G | Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) family protein | ATTGATACGCAGGCGGCTTA | TCGTTTCCAGTTCTCTGAAAA | 116 |
MDC012026.355 | T/G | chlorsulfuron/imidazolinone resistant 1 | ACCCAGCAAATGAGTCGGAG | TACGGACCAGGAGTGTCCAA | 136 |
MDC012278.208 | G/A | intergenic | AGGATTCATCTGTTCTGGCACA | CACAGATCAAGACGAGGCCA | 121 |
MDC013249.318 | A/T | Protein kinase superfamily protein | ACGTGATCAGCTTGCGAAGA | CTTGGCGGAACATGGTGTTG | 123 |
MDC013437.191 | G/A | intergenic | TCTTCCGAACCTCCTTTGGC | TGCTGGACATGGGGTTTGAA | 108 |
MDC013823.203 | T/C | Protein of unknown function (DUF506) | TGTTCTTTTGCAGAGGCCGA | GCCGCCAAGAAATGCATGAA | 99 |
MDC013824.133 | C/G | ATPase E1-E2 type family protein | GGACCTACCTTGAGACATAACT | ATGCTTCATTCTCCGGCCAA | 139 |
MDC013836.179 | T/C | Inorganic H pyrophosphatase | AACGTGCACGAGTGGTTTTG | CTGGAGGCGCATGGGATAAT | 118 |
MDC013836.179 | A/G | Inorganic H pyrophosphatase | GCATACCAGTTCTTGACAGCC | CAGTGAGATCGAACCCGCTT | 150 |
MDC013848.311 | C/T | Protein of unknown function (DUF581) | CTTTGCCGTGGCCAAGATTC | TTTTCTCCCGGCAGGAAGTC | 97 |
MDC015282.549 | C/T | cystatin B | ACCCTCCTGACCTTTTCCTT | TTTCGCCTTCACAACCCTCA | 122 |
MDC015470.252 | G/A | RELA/SPOT homolog 3 | TCTGTGCAAGAGTATCCTGCA | GAACCCGTACGGAGTCCATC | 90 |
MDC016054.80 | A/C | UDP-Glycosyltransferase | TCCTTGATGTATGGAGCAGGA | CACGGGGATGTTCCTGTCAA | 136 |
MDC016112.100 | T/C | Stabilizer of iron transporter SufD | ATGACAGGTTGTGGCCTCAC | CCAGTTACAGTGCCCCTCTG | 138 |
MDC016219.172 | C/A | Adenine nucleotide alpha hydrolases | AGAGTCGCAGCACTCTTTGG | AGGATGAAATTTTGAAGAAGCAA | 87 |
MDC016248.191 | A/T | methyltransferases superfamily protein | CCTGCTCTTAATGCATTCGACG | CCTGTGCTGGAAGAAGGTGA | 85 |
MDC018099.109 | A/G | nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases | AGTCTCAACCGAAAGCTCAGA | CCGACTCAATTTTCAGGTGCA | 137 |
MDC018099.109 | A/G | nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases | ACCCCTGCAAAGGTTACTGG | AAGCATGAGCACACACCTCA | 121 |
MDC018296.41 | C/T | MDP0000261713:cds | GTATCACCGGCATCCAGCTT | GCATGAAAAGGAAATGCCAGC | 144 |
MDC018954.138 | T/G | zinc finger superfamily protein | TGCATGTTCATGCCTCAGGT | CTGCAAGTGGACTGTGCATG | 89 |
MDC019089.170 | G/A | Transducin family protein | TGGGACATGGACAACACTCA | CGAGGGCTTGCCTAGGAATT | 149 |
MDC019312.167 | T/G | coatomer gamma-2 subunit | CACTCTGCCTGTCAGGTCAT | AACTGCAGGGATGCCTTCTG | 150 |
MDC019581.293 | A/G | Protein kinase superfamily protein | CGTCAAGCTTCTTCACTGCC | CTGTGGAGGAGCTGAAAGAGA | 129 |
MDC021673.67 | T/G | intergenic | GAGGAGATCCAGCCTTCTGC | ACCTGAAATGAAATGGCTGGT | 96 |
MDC021750.166 | A/G | GTP binding Elongation factor | GGCTCACCTTGTTGCAGCAG | CGGAGGTTTTGAAGCCGGTA | 110 |
MDC022126.96 | A/C | GTP-binding protein | TAGCCTGTTGATGCTGGTGC | CAGCTTCCCGGGCTTCTATC | 137 |
MDC022171.193 | A/T | Protein kinase superfamily protein | TTTGCAAAACTATTCCGCAG | AGACTTTGCTGTCCACGAGG | 143 |
MDC022588.206 | A/G | NADP-malic enzyme 4 | ACTCTAGTTCTTGAACCCGGT | TTCCAGGTTTGGCTACTCGC | 144 |
MDC022716.123 | C/T | translation initiation factor 3B1 | CGATCCTGCTCGCTCAAGAA | AAGGCCACCATCATTGCTGA | 123 |
MDC022728.65 | T/C | Protein of unknown function (DUF3506) | AATCCACGGTTAGACTGGCG | TGCTGGCCAGGTTTATAGCT | 145 |
MDC023119.21 | C/G | ENTH/VHS family protein | GGTGGAGAACAGACAGGCAA | TTGGGTTCTCAGTTGCAGCA | 145 |
MDC037826.18 | A/G | UDP-glucosyl transferase 88A1 | TGAAATCCTTGCTCCCGGAC | CACAAACCCACCCACTGAGT | 116 |
MDC039955.18 | C/T | NADH-dependent glutamate synthase 1 | AAAATTTGCAGGAGAACACTG | AACCCGACCAGTAAACTCGG | 140 |
본 연구의 목적인 적색 과육 사과 품종과 백색 과육 사과 품종을 구분할 수 있는 분자표지를 개발하기 위해서 사과 NGS 데이터를 참조 제놈에 매핑하여 genome wide SNP를 찾고, 적색 과육 품종인 ‘Redfield’와 백색 과육 품종인 ‘Granny Smith’에서 탐색되는 다형성을 나타내는 SNP를 선발하였다. 참조 제놈과 주석 정보는 JGI Phytozome에서 사과(
‘Redfield’와 ‘Granny Smith’ 간에 탐색되는 polymorphism SNP 554개 중에서 103개의 프라이머 조합을 이용하여 HRM 분석을 하였다(Table 2). 103개의 SNP 분자표지의 유전자 정보를 분석하여 탐색한 색소 생성과 관련된 유전자는 carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase1으로 C40 carotenoids의 이중결합을 분해하여 다양한 apocarotenoids을 생성하는 기능을 가지고 있다(Floss and Walter 2009). 이 유전자로부터 유래한 SNP 분자표지는 사과 적색 과육 품종 10개와 백색 과육 11품종이 구분되지 않았다. 과육 색에 따른 21품종의 사과를 적색과 백색 2군으로 구분할 수 있는 SNP 분자표지는 2종이었다(Fig. 1). SNP ID, MDC000453.153의 유래는 alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase 2로 식물의 잎에서 peroxisomes에 위치하며 광호흡에서 glycollate pathway에 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있다(Noguchi and Hayashi 1981). 이 유전자의 기능은 색소 생성과는 직접적으로 관계가 없지만 ‘Redfield’에서는 G 염기서열이 ‘Granny Smith’에서 A로 바뀌어서 적색 과육 사과 10품종과 백색 과육 사과 11품종을 구분할 수 있었다(Fig. 1A). SNP ID, MDC005247.512의 유래는 ribosomal protein S4 (RPS4A) family protein으로 ribosomal RNA에 binding 하는 기능을 갖고 있는 것으로 알려져 있으며(Lin et al. 1999), ‘Redfield’에서는 G 염기서열이 ‘Granny Smith’에서 A로 바뀌어서 21품종의 사과를 적색과 백색 2군으로 구분할 수 있었다(Fig. 1B).
HRM analysis of 10 red flesh apple cultivars (Redfield, Jay Darling, Pink Wood, Makamilk, May Pole, Okanagan, Red Flesh,
과육색이 다르게 발현되는 사과(
본 연구는 농촌진흥청 연구과제(세부과제번호:PJ010272 022017)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.
J Plant Biotechnol 2017; 44(4): 372-378
Published online December 31, 2017 https://doi.org/10.5010/JPB.2017.44.4.372
Copyright © The Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology.
김세희
농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 과수과,
농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 인삼과
Se Hee Kim
Fruit Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea,
Ginseng Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Korea
Correspondence to: e-mail: ezsehee@korea.kr
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For comparison of the transcription profiles in apple (
Keywords: Anthocyanin, Gene expression, Transcription factor, Breeding, Cultivars
사과나무(
사과 품종 육성 초기에는 대과, 고당도 품종 개발이 육종 목표였으나 최근 붉은색 과육, 항산화 기능이 높은 품종 개발 목표가 추가되었다. 사과 유전자원을 수확기의 과육색으로 분류하면 백색 과육과 적색 과육으로 나뉘어진다. 우리
나라에서는 수확했을 때 과육색이 백색인 품종을 주로 재배하고 있지만, 소비자들의 요구는 기능성 성분 함량이 높은 품종으로 변화하고 있다. 사과의 기능성 성분 함량은 백색 과육보다는 적색 과육에 더 많이 함유되어 있어, 기능성 물질의 섭취를 위해 적색 과육 사과 품종의 육성이 필요하다. 전 세계적으로 과육까지 붉은 사과 품종은 ‘Redfield’, ‘Okanagan’, ‘Purple Wave’ 등 여러 품종이 육성되었으나 대체로 산도가 높아 식미는 불량한 편이다. 적육계 사과의 식미를 개량하기 위해서 여러 조합과 세대를 진전시켜야 하며, 조기선발 분자표지 개발 등 육종연한 단축을 위한 연구가 필요하다. 과수에서 색소를 나타내는 flavonoid는 식물의 꽃, 과실, 잎, 줄기, 뿌리, 종자 등 식물체 전체 부위에 존재하며 생장과 발육, 미생물과 해충에 대한 방어, 약리적 효과, 강력한 항산화 활성을 가지고 있다(Forkmann and Martens 2001). 사과에서 꽃, 과실, 잎 등이 적색으로 발현하는 데에는
본 연구는 기존에 보고된
본 연구에 사용한 재료는 농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에 재식되어 있는 적색 과피, 적색 과육 사과 품종, ‘Redfield’와 녹색 과피, 백색 과육 사과 품종인 ‘Granny Smith’ 과실을 시기별로 채취하여 액체질소를 사용하여 분쇄하였다. 만개 후 7주에 과실을 수확하였고, RNA 분리 방법은 Pine Tees Methods (Shujun et al. 1993)에 따라서 다음과 같이 수행하였다. 분쇄한 3 g의 시료에 15 mL의 추출용액(2% CTAB, 2% PVP, 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 25 mM EDTA, 2.0 M NaCl, 0.05% spermidine, 2%
‘Redfield’와 ‘Granny Smith’ 전사체 분석 결과에서 찾은 SNP를 매트릭스로 만들어 변이 과정을 거친 후 동형(homozygous) SNP와 이형(heterozygous) SNP로 나누었고, SNP 선발 조건은 3 이상으로 하였다. ‘Redfield’와 ‘Granny Smith’의 SNP 비교분석은 동일한 SNP 위치에서 두 시료 간에 서로 동형 SNP인 경우만을 선발하였고, 두 시료 간에 탐색되는 다형성을 나타내는 SNP 554개가 선발되었다. GO분석은 TAIR10_ID을 이용하여 DAVID (
HRM 분석(Wittwer et al. 2003)에 필요한 프라이머 제작을 위해 참조한 제놈과 주석 정보는 JGI Phytozome에서 사과(
Table 1 . Summary of the development of SNP markers in ‘Redfield’ and ‘Granny Smith’.
Sample | Total SNP | Homozygous SNP | Heterozygous SNP | Polymorphism SNP | HRM primer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Redfield | 2,236 | 1,164 | 1,072 | 554 | 103 |
Granny Smith | 1,373 | 717 | 656 |
Table 2 . PCR amplicons showing polymorphic HRM profiles in ‘Redfield’ and ‘Granny Smith’.
SNP ID | Variations | TAIR10 hit | Forward primer | Reverse primer | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDC002231.658 | T/C | FAR1-related sequence 4 | AACAGTTTGTGAACCACGGC | GCACCGCTTCTTCTAATGCG | 129 |
MDC003558.335 | A/C | ATP synthase delta-subunit gene | CTGCACCTGCTTCGCTATCT | CCAAGCGCATCGACCTGATA | 143 |
MDC003940.103 | A/C | Phosphoglycerate kinase family protein | TGGGCAGCAAAAGAGACACT | GCACAAGGTCTCTCAGTCGG | 109 |
MDC004004.245 | A/G | NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase | CAAAGCAATGGCAGCTGAGG | CAGAGGGATCAGCAAGTGGG | 118 |
MDC004582.94 | C/T | protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A | TGTTCAAATCTTCCAGCAGCA | GCTCGTGTGTAATGCTGCTG | 137 |
MDC005276.240 | G/A | NAD(P)-binding superfamily protein | GCCTCCATCACCTGCTTCTT | TCAATGCTATTGCCCGTGGT | 88 |
MDC006621.191 | A/C | intergenic | ACAGTAGAGTTTGATTTGCCCCT | TGTTTTCACTCCAAACACCAACT | 133 |
MDC006639.149 | C/T | cell elongation protein / DWARF1 | GAAGCCCCAATGTTCCCTGA | TTCTTGCAGATGGCCGAGTT | 96 |
MDC006684.239 | G/A | O-Glycosyl hydrolases 17 protein | TCTGACTTGCGGCTCAAAGT | GCATGTTTGGGGATGTTCGG | 101 |
MDC006833.367 | C/G | Calcium-dependent lipid-binding protein | ACAGCCAACATCAGCTCTCC | TCCTCCTGACAGTCCTCTGG | 87 |
MDC008445.171 | C/T | chaperonin 20 | CGCTGATGCCCACTTTTGTC | AAACCGGCGGTGGAATTTTG | 114 |
MDC009250.268 | T/C | alpha/beta-Hydrolases superfamily | TTCCAGTGTCGAGGGATCCT | AGTTCCGCGTCAAGTGAGAG | 126 |
MDC009297.162 | A/G | actin 7 | GTCTCGTCCAGCAAGGTCAA | GTGCTTGACTCTGGTGATGGA | 99 |
MDC009752.161 | A/G | pumilio 1 | AAGCTGCCTGGCATGATTCT | CGCGTTTTCCAGCATGAACT | 142 |
MDC010692.100 | G/A | Mov34/MPN/PAD-1 family protein | TGCCAATGTAGGAAGGCAGG | CAGTGTCGAGCATTGTTCCC | 104 |
MDC011349.124 | G/A | respiratory burst oxidase homologue D | ATGCAACCGCCATCAAAACC | ACAGCGATGACTACGAGCTG | 126 |
MDC011437.437 | A/G | UDP-Glycosyltransferase family protein | TGTCCTTCCCTGGTCAGAGA | TACACATGGGTCAGCTGCAG | 95 |
MDC012729.141 | C/T | COP1-interacting protein 8 | TGAAGGCGAAGAGAACCAGG | GCCCAATCCAGAATCCGGTT | 141 |
MDC013033.69 | G/A | NAC domain containing protein 2 | TCCCAGGGGTCGAACTTGTA | GACGGACGAAGAGCTAGTCG | 108 |
MDC013255.329 | A/G | ribosomal protein L5 B | TGAGACCAACTTCAAGCCCA | GCCCAAATTGTATCTGCCAGC | 94 |
MDC013370.143 | T/C | MDP0000678862:cds | TAGGTTCCCGTTCAGGCATG | TCTTGGTCGTGGTCATGGTG | 84 |
MDC013467.418 | G/A | envelope membrane of chloroplasts 159 | TAGTTGTTCGGAGCTGCTGG | TTTCCCTCGGGCGAAACTAC | 98 |
MDC017371.127 | T/C | Stabilizer of iron transporter SufD | GGCCACCCATCAAGTTCCTT | TGCACTCTCTTGCTGGACAG | 136 |
MDC017906.52 | G/T | NAC domain containing protein 83 | ACTGGGTTCTTTGCCGCATA | AACAGGCCTCGAGTTCTTGG | 110 |
MDC018518.81 | T/C | SAUR-like auxin-responsive protein | AGTACAGGCCGAAGAGGAGT | TCCTCGATGCTCAAGAACCG | 141 |
MDC018809.596 | T/G | monodehydroascorbate reductase 1 | TAGCCTTGTTCTCCTCCGGA | CTGTGCTCTTCGGAGACAGT | 123 |
MDC019312.167 | T/G | coatomer gamma-2 subunit | AAGGAGGTTAAGTCGCAGCC | GCATCAACTGTGGATGCAGG | 101 |
MDC019909.124 | T/C | DC1 domain-containing protein | AGTCGCTCTTCGGTGAAAGG | GAAAAGTGCCCTTGAGTCGC | 148 |
MDC039955.18 | T/C | NADH-dependent glutamate synthase 1 | TTCCACCGGAAGATGTCAGC | CCTTTGAAGCCACTCCCCAT | 146 |
MDC000414.122 | T/C | isoamylase 3 | CAGGCAGCTTCGGAATGCTA | TCTCCCAATGACATCGTGCC | 118 |
MDC000453.153 | A/G | alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase 2 | ACAAACAACATTTCTGCAGCTGT | TGCAGCAAAGGGATCCTTGA | 84 |
MDC000453.153 | G/A | alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase 2 | ACCATGGAAAAGCAGAACAGC | ATGGTCAACCCTCCCAAACC | 143 |
MDC000697.296 | G/A | Ribosomal protein L6 family | TCGACAGAAATGCCATGTCA | ACGCAAAAACAAACACCCTTCA | 113 |
MDC000727.1264 | T/G | ubiquitin-specific protease 6 | TCCTCCGGAGAGTTTGGTGA | TGGTTCAAGGGAAATGGATCCA | 83 |
MDC000757.377 | T/G | intergenic | CTCGTGCAGATTAAGGGAGTCA | GCATGGTGCAGTTTAAACTTCA | 150 |
MDC001307.439 | T/C | RING/U-box superfamily protein | AACACCGCACAGTAGTCGTT | ACAGGAGACTACTGCTTGATGAC | 133 |
MDC001616.305 | C/G | intergenic | ACAGGAGGGAGGATGTCGAA | CTGAGATCCTTGACGGTGGC | 131 |
MDC002470.355 | G/A | carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 | TCCTGGCGAATGAGGAAAGC | GCTAGAAGCTTCCCATGGTGA | 120 |
MDC002602.408 | C/G | vacuolar ATP synthase subunit A | ACTTCAGAGATATGGGCTACA | AATTACCAGCCGCCCAGAAA | 95 |
MDC002841.101 | G/T | Ribosomal protein S11 family protein | TCAGCATGTGACTGATCTGTCA | CCCAACATGAGCCAATGGTG | 128 |
MDC003115.218 | A/T | ADP-ribosylation factor A1B | CCAGACGGTGAAGCTGATGT | TCACTTCTCTGATGTCTTGTGGA | 140 |
MDC004070.283 | T/C | Uncharacterised protein family | AGCAGCTTCCATGGAAACCA | AGAGGTAGTCGGGTTTGGGG | 110 |
MDC004461.290 | A/G | intergenic | TGTCCATACAGTTTCGACGC | GGTTGTCCTACGCTTTCCGA | 112 |
MDC005247.512 | T/C | Ribosomal protein S4 family protein | ACAGGCTCGTGGTTTGAAGA | GGAACGACAACCATTGCACG | 144 |
MDC005247.512 | G/A | Ribosomal protein S4 family protein | CAAGCCTTCGTCTGGACCTC | CGGTCCTCACTTTCCCATCA | 149 |
MDC005445.136 | C/T | pyrophosphorylase 4 | GCATGAGTGGGTGAAGGTCA | CGGCGCTTCTTTGAGGACTA | 139 |
MDC005694.146 | A/G | Rubredoxin-like superfamily protein | TGCAGAGGATGAGCATGATG | CCATCCGGTCCAATTCAGGG | 148 |
MDC005697.432 | G/C | tubulin alpha-2 chain | GGAAATGAGCTGCTCAGGGT | CACCTTCTTCTCCGAGACCG | 133 |
MDC005923.474 | G/A | 20S proteasome beta subunit E1 | GCCCGAACCAACAGAAAACC | ATCCTCGTTTGAGTGCAGGG | 90 |
MDC006455.356 | A/G | homology to ABI1 | TGGGTCTACAGCTGTCGTTG | TCAGTACGCCATAAACACATGC | 147 |
MDC007040.105 | C/T | citrate synthase 2 | TTGTGAGTGCGATGAGTGCT | GCATCGAACAATGGACCCCT | 138 |
MDC007099.161 | T/A | UDP-D-galactose 4-epimerase 1 | GAGCCCCGACAGGATTGAAG | AGGGATGCATCCTTTGTCTTCT | 138 |
MDC007394.373 | C/T | O-Glycosyl hydrolases family 17 protein | ATTTTGCCACGCACCACTTC | CGTTGTGTGATTTAGGATGGTGC | 118 |
MDC008133.431 | G/A | Protein of unknown function (DUF581) | GGTAACACACCGTTTTGCAGT | ACGGTTTTGTTAGCGGTGGA | 137 |
MDC008385.321 | C/T | glyoxylate reductase 1 | ACCGGAATGACGCACAAGAA | GCATTCTTGAGCAGATTTGTGC | 147 |
MDC009092.100 | A/G | stromal cell-derived factor 2-like protein | GATCTCGACACTGGCTACGC | GTACGTGACCTGCCCAGATC | 144 |
MDC009177.321 | A/G | tripeptidyl peptidase ii | ACTTCGAAGGTAGTCAAGGCC | TCTCAAGGAAGATGCAGGAA | 142 |
MDC009229.176 | T/C | IQ-domain 21 | CAACAGCAATGGCATGGCTT | TGAGCATTTTCCAGCGGAGA | 113 |
MDC009297.162 | A/G | actin 7 | CCTGTAGTACGCCCACTAGC | TGAATCCTAAGGCCAACAGGG | 121 |
MDC009552.126 | A/G | Pyruvate kinase family protein | AACTGGCATTGTGGGTCGAT | ATTCTGGTGGGTGCATTTGG | 132 |
MDC010328.215 | T/C | Class II aaRS and biotin synthetases | TGCGAAGGAAAAACGAGATGC | TCATCACACCAAGGAGCCAA | 105 |
MDC010706.416 | T/A | Late Embryogenesis Abundant 4-5 | TTGGTCGCATTCCCACCTAC | TCACCAGATGTCCGCACTTC | 150 |
MDC010707.221 | T/A | EamA-like transporter family protein | AGATGATGCAAATCGCCTTTG | GGAGCATCTTTGGTTCCATTGC | 92 |
MDC011159.221 | A/G | RING/U-box superfamily protein | GAACGAGAATGCGACAACGG | TGCTTGTTCCCCCGATTTCA | 148 |
MDC011198.306 | T/G | Leucine-rich repeat protein kinase | TTGGGACGGATGTTTACCCG | CCGAGATTCGCAAGTCCAGT | 101 |
MDC011283.417 | T/C | intergenic | CCATGACGAAACCGAATCGC | TGGGATTTGATGATTTGGGTGT | 122 |
MDC011443.229 | T/C | regulatory particle AAA-ATPase 2A | GTGGGAGCTCAACTGCTTCT | GGTGCTTTCTGTTGTTGGGC | 149 |
MDC011610.336 | C/T | heteroglycan glucosidase 1 | CATCCAGCAGAGCGGTACTC | TTCATGTGGTGATTGCAGGG | 97 |
MDC011703.39 | T/A | MDP0000775972:cds | GAACCGGTTTCGACTCCACA | GGTGTCCGAGGAGGTTGAAG | 122 |
MDC011914.230 | A/G | Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) family protein | ATTGATACGCAGGCGGCTTA | TCGTTTCCAGTTCTCTGAAAA | 116 |
MDC012026.355 | T/G | chlorsulfuron/imidazolinone resistant 1 | ACCCAGCAAATGAGTCGGAG | TACGGACCAGGAGTGTCCAA | 136 |
MDC012278.208 | G/A | intergenic | AGGATTCATCTGTTCTGGCACA | CACAGATCAAGACGAGGCCA | 121 |
MDC013249.318 | A/T | Protein kinase superfamily protein | ACGTGATCAGCTTGCGAAGA | CTTGGCGGAACATGGTGTTG | 123 |
MDC013437.191 | G/A | intergenic | TCTTCCGAACCTCCTTTGGC | TGCTGGACATGGGGTTTGAA | 108 |
MDC013823.203 | T/C | Protein of unknown function (DUF506) | TGTTCTTTTGCAGAGGCCGA | GCCGCCAAGAAATGCATGAA | 99 |
MDC013824.133 | C/G | ATPase E1-E2 type family protein | GGACCTACCTTGAGACATAACT | ATGCTTCATTCTCCGGCCAA | 139 |
MDC013836.179 | T/C | Inorganic H pyrophosphatase | AACGTGCACGAGTGGTTTTG | CTGGAGGCGCATGGGATAAT | 118 |
MDC013836.179 | A/G | Inorganic H pyrophosphatase | GCATACCAGTTCTTGACAGCC | CAGTGAGATCGAACCCGCTT | 150 |
MDC013848.311 | C/T | Protein of unknown function (DUF581) | CTTTGCCGTGGCCAAGATTC | TTTTCTCCCGGCAGGAAGTC | 97 |
MDC015282.549 | C/T | cystatin B | ACCCTCCTGACCTTTTCCTT | TTTCGCCTTCACAACCCTCA | 122 |
MDC015470.252 | G/A | RELA/SPOT homolog 3 | TCTGTGCAAGAGTATCCTGCA | GAACCCGTACGGAGTCCATC | 90 |
MDC016054.80 | A/C | UDP-Glycosyltransferase | TCCTTGATGTATGGAGCAGGA | CACGGGGATGTTCCTGTCAA | 136 |
MDC016112.100 | T/C | Stabilizer of iron transporter SufD | ATGACAGGTTGTGGCCTCAC | CCAGTTACAGTGCCCCTCTG | 138 |
MDC016219.172 | C/A | Adenine nucleotide alpha hydrolases | AGAGTCGCAGCACTCTTTGG | AGGATGAAATTTTGAAGAAGCAA | 87 |
MDC016248.191 | A/T | methyltransferases superfamily protein | CCTGCTCTTAATGCATTCGACG | CCTGTGCTGGAAGAAGGTGA | 85 |
MDC018099.109 | A/G | nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases | AGTCTCAACCGAAAGCTCAGA | CCGACTCAATTTTCAGGTGCA | 137 |
MDC018099.109 | A/G | nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases | ACCCCTGCAAAGGTTACTGG | AAGCATGAGCACACACCTCA | 121 |
MDC018296.41 | C/T | MDP0000261713:cds | GTATCACCGGCATCCAGCTT | GCATGAAAAGGAAATGCCAGC | 144 |
MDC018954.138 | T/G | zinc finger superfamily protein | TGCATGTTCATGCCTCAGGT | CTGCAAGTGGACTGTGCATG | 89 |
MDC019089.170 | G/A | Transducin family protein | TGGGACATGGACAACACTCA | CGAGGGCTTGCCTAGGAATT | 149 |
MDC019312.167 | T/G | coatomer gamma-2 subunit | CACTCTGCCTGTCAGGTCAT | AACTGCAGGGATGCCTTCTG | 150 |
MDC019581.293 | A/G | Protein kinase superfamily protein | CGTCAAGCTTCTTCACTGCC | CTGTGGAGGAGCTGAAAGAGA | 129 |
MDC021673.67 | T/G | intergenic | GAGGAGATCCAGCCTTCTGC | ACCTGAAATGAAATGGCTGGT | 96 |
MDC021750.166 | A/G | GTP binding Elongation factor | GGCTCACCTTGTTGCAGCAG | CGGAGGTTTTGAAGCCGGTA | 110 |
MDC022126.96 | A/C | GTP-binding protein | TAGCCTGTTGATGCTGGTGC | CAGCTTCCCGGGCTTCTATC | 137 |
MDC022171.193 | A/T | Protein kinase superfamily protein | TTTGCAAAACTATTCCGCAG | AGACTTTGCTGTCCACGAGG | 143 |
MDC022588.206 | A/G | NADP-malic enzyme 4 | ACTCTAGTTCTTGAACCCGGT | TTCCAGGTTTGGCTACTCGC | 144 |
MDC022716.123 | C/T | translation initiation factor 3B1 | CGATCCTGCTCGCTCAAGAA | AAGGCCACCATCATTGCTGA | 123 |
MDC022728.65 | T/C | Protein of unknown function (DUF3506) | AATCCACGGTTAGACTGGCG | TGCTGGCCAGGTTTATAGCT | 145 |
MDC023119.21 | C/G | ENTH/VHS family protein | GGTGGAGAACAGACAGGCAA | TTGGGTTCTCAGTTGCAGCA | 145 |
MDC037826.18 | A/G | UDP-glucosyl transferase 88A1 | TGAAATCCTTGCTCCCGGAC | CACAAACCCACCCACTGAGT | 116 |
MDC039955.18 | C/T | NADH-dependent glutamate synthase 1 | AAAATTTGCAGGAGAACACTG | AACCCGACCAGTAAACTCGG | 140 |
본 연구의 목적인 적색 과육 사과 품종과 백색 과육 사과 품종을 구분할 수 있는 분자표지를 개발하기 위해서 사과 NGS 데이터를 참조 제놈에 매핑하여 genome wide SNP를 찾고, 적색 과육 품종인 ‘Redfield’와 백색 과육 품종인 ‘Granny Smith’에서 탐색되는 다형성을 나타내는 SNP를 선발하였다. 참조 제놈과 주석 정보는 JGI Phytozome에서 사과(
‘Redfield’와 ‘Granny Smith’ 간에 탐색되는 polymorphism SNP 554개 중에서 103개의 프라이머 조합을 이용하여 HRM 분석을 하였다(Table 2). 103개의 SNP 분자표지의 유전자 정보를 분석하여 탐색한 색소 생성과 관련된 유전자는 carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase1으로 C40 carotenoids의 이중결합을 분해하여 다양한 apocarotenoids을 생성하는 기능을 가지고 있다(Floss and Walter 2009). 이 유전자로부터 유래한 SNP 분자표지는 사과 적색 과육 품종 10개와 백색 과육 11품종이 구분되지 않았다. 과육 색에 따른 21품종의 사과를 적색과 백색 2군으로 구분할 수 있는 SNP 분자표지는 2종이었다(Fig. 1). SNP ID, MDC000453.153의 유래는 alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase 2로 식물의 잎에서 peroxisomes에 위치하며 광호흡에서 glycollate pathway에 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있다(Noguchi and Hayashi 1981). 이 유전자의 기능은 색소 생성과는 직접적으로 관계가 없지만 ‘Redfield’에서는 G 염기서열이 ‘Granny Smith’에서 A로 바뀌어서 적색 과육 사과 10품종과 백색 과육 사과 11품종을 구분할 수 있었다(Fig. 1A). SNP ID, MDC005247.512의 유래는 ribosomal protein S4 (RPS4A) family protein으로 ribosomal RNA에 binding 하는 기능을 갖고 있는 것으로 알려져 있으며(Lin et al. 1999), ‘Redfield’에서는 G 염기서열이 ‘Granny Smith’에서 A로 바뀌어서 21품종의 사과를 적색과 백색 2군으로 구분할 수 있었다(Fig. 1B).
HRM analysis of 10 red flesh apple cultivars (Redfield, Jay Darling, Pink Wood, Makamilk, May Pole, Okanagan, Red Flesh,
과육색이 다르게 발현되는 사과(
본 연구는 농촌진흥청 연구과제(세부과제번호:PJ010272 022017)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.
HRM analysis of 10 red flesh apple cultivars (Redfield, Jay Darling, Pink Wood, Makamilk, May Pole, Okanagan, Red Flesh,
Table 1 . Summary of the development of SNP markers in ‘Redfield’ and ‘Granny Smith’.
Sample | Total SNP | Homozygous SNP | Heterozygous SNP | Polymorphism SNP | HRM primer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Redfield | 2,236 | 1,164 | 1,072 | 554 | 103 |
Granny Smith | 1,373 | 717 | 656 |
Table 2 . PCR amplicons showing polymorphic HRM profiles in ‘Redfield’ and ‘Granny Smith’.
SNP ID | Variations | TAIR10 hit | Forward primer | Reverse primer | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDC002231.658 | T/C | FAR1-related sequence 4 | AACAGTTTGTGAACCACGGC | GCACCGCTTCTTCTAATGCG | 129 |
MDC003558.335 | A/C | ATP synthase delta-subunit gene | CTGCACCTGCTTCGCTATCT | CCAAGCGCATCGACCTGATA | 143 |
MDC003940.103 | A/C | Phosphoglycerate kinase family protein | TGGGCAGCAAAAGAGACACT | GCACAAGGTCTCTCAGTCGG | 109 |
MDC004004.245 | A/G | NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase | CAAAGCAATGGCAGCTGAGG | CAGAGGGATCAGCAAGTGGG | 118 |
MDC004582.94 | C/T | protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A | TGTTCAAATCTTCCAGCAGCA | GCTCGTGTGTAATGCTGCTG | 137 |
MDC005276.240 | G/A | NAD(P)-binding superfamily protein | GCCTCCATCACCTGCTTCTT | TCAATGCTATTGCCCGTGGT | 88 |
MDC006621.191 | A/C | intergenic | ACAGTAGAGTTTGATTTGCCCCT | TGTTTTCACTCCAAACACCAACT | 133 |
MDC006639.149 | C/T | cell elongation protein / DWARF1 | GAAGCCCCAATGTTCCCTGA | TTCTTGCAGATGGCCGAGTT | 96 |
MDC006684.239 | G/A | O-Glycosyl hydrolases 17 protein | TCTGACTTGCGGCTCAAAGT | GCATGTTTGGGGATGTTCGG | 101 |
MDC006833.367 | C/G | Calcium-dependent lipid-binding protein | ACAGCCAACATCAGCTCTCC | TCCTCCTGACAGTCCTCTGG | 87 |
MDC008445.171 | C/T | chaperonin 20 | CGCTGATGCCCACTTTTGTC | AAACCGGCGGTGGAATTTTG | 114 |
MDC009250.268 | T/C | alpha/beta-Hydrolases superfamily | TTCCAGTGTCGAGGGATCCT | AGTTCCGCGTCAAGTGAGAG | 126 |
MDC009297.162 | A/G | actin 7 | GTCTCGTCCAGCAAGGTCAA | GTGCTTGACTCTGGTGATGGA | 99 |
MDC009752.161 | A/G | pumilio 1 | AAGCTGCCTGGCATGATTCT | CGCGTTTTCCAGCATGAACT | 142 |
MDC010692.100 | G/A | Mov34/MPN/PAD-1 family protein | TGCCAATGTAGGAAGGCAGG | CAGTGTCGAGCATTGTTCCC | 104 |
MDC011349.124 | G/A | respiratory burst oxidase homologue D | ATGCAACCGCCATCAAAACC | ACAGCGATGACTACGAGCTG | 126 |
MDC011437.437 | A/G | UDP-Glycosyltransferase family protein | TGTCCTTCCCTGGTCAGAGA | TACACATGGGTCAGCTGCAG | 95 |
MDC012729.141 | C/T | COP1-interacting protein 8 | TGAAGGCGAAGAGAACCAGG | GCCCAATCCAGAATCCGGTT | 141 |
MDC013033.69 | G/A | NAC domain containing protein 2 | TCCCAGGGGTCGAACTTGTA | GACGGACGAAGAGCTAGTCG | 108 |
MDC013255.329 | A/G | ribosomal protein L5 B | TGAGACCAACTTCAAGCCCA | GCCCAAATTGTATCTGCCAGC | 94 |
MDC013370.143 | T/C | MDP0000678862:cds | TAGGTTCCCGTTCAGGCATG | TCTTGGTCGTGGTCATGGTG | 84 |
MDC013467.418 | G/A | envelope membrane of chloroplasts 159 | TAGTTGTTCGGAGCTGCTGG | TTTCCCTCGGGCGAAACTAC | 98 |
MDC017371.127 | T/C | Stabilizer of iron transporter SufD | GGCCACCCATCAAGTTCCTT | TGCACTCTCTTGCTGGACAG | 136 |
MDC017906.52 | G/T | NAC domain containing protein 83 | ACTGGGTTCTTTGCCGCATA | AACAGGCCTCGAGTTCTTGG | 110 |
MDC018518.81 | T/C | SAUR-like auxin-responsive protein | AGTACAGGCCGAAGAGGAGT | TCCTCGATGCTCAAGAACCG | 141 |
MDC018809.596 | T/G | monodehydroascorbate reductase 1 | TAGCCTTGTTCTCCTCCGGA | CTGTGCTCTTCGGAGACAGT | 123 |
MDC019312.167 | T/G | coatomer gamma-2 subunit | AAGGAGGTTAAGTCGCAGCC | GCATCAACTGTGGATGCAGG | 101 |
MDC019909.124 | T/C | DC1 domain-containing protein | AGTCGCTCTTCGGTGAAAGG | GAAAAGTGCCCTTGAGTCGC | 148 |
MDC039955.18 | T/C | NADH-dependent glutamate synthase 1 | TTCCACCGGAAGATGTCAGC | CCTTTGAAGCCACTCCCCAT | 146 |
MDC000414.122 | T/C | isoamylase 3 | CAGGCAGCTTCGGAATGCTA | TCTCCCAATGACATCGTGCC | 118 |
MDC000453.153 | A/G | alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase 2 | ACAAACAACATTTCTGCAGCTGT | TGCAGCAAAGGGATCCTTGA | 84 |
MDC000453.153 | G/A | alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase 2 | ACCATGGAAAAGCAGAACAGC | ATGGTCAACCCTCCCAAACC | 143 |
MDC000697.296 | G/A | Ribosomal protein L6 family | TCGACAGAAATGCCATGTCA | ACGCAAAAACAAACACCCTTCA | 113 |
MDC000727.1264 | T/G | ubiquitin-specific protease 6 | TCCTCCGGAGAGTTTGGTGA | TGGTTCAAGGGAAATGGATCCA | 83 |
MDC000757.377 | T/G | intergenic | CTCGTGCAGATTAAGGGAGTCA | GCATGGTGCAGTTTAAACTTCA | 150 |
MDC001307.439 | T/C | RING/U-box superfamily protein | AACACCGCACAGTAGTCGTT | ACAGGAGACTACTGCTTGATGAC | 133 |
MDC001616.305 | C/G | intergenic | ACAGGAGGGAGGATGTCGAA | CTGAGATCCTTGACGGTGGC | 131 |
MDC002470.355 | G/A | carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 | TCCTGGCGAATGAGGAAAGC | GCTAGAAGCTTCCCATGGTGA | 120 |
MDC002602.408 | C/G | vacuolar ATP synthase subunit A | ACTTCAGAGATATGGGCTACA | AATTACCAGCCGCCCAGAAA | 95 |
MDC002841.101 | G/T | Ribosomal protein S11 family protein | TCAGCATGTGACTGATCTGTCA | CCCAACATGAGCCAATGGTG | 128 |
MDC003115.218 | A/T | ADP-ribosylation factor A1B | CCAGACGGTGAAGCTGATGT | TCACTTCTCTGATGTCTTGTGGA | 140 |
MDC004070.283 | T/C | Uncharacterised protein family | AGCAGCTTCCATGGAAACCA | AGAGGTAGTCGGGTTTGGGG | 110 |
MDC004461.290 | A/G | intergenic | TGTCCATACAGTTTCGACGC | GGTTGTCCTACGCTTTCCGA | 112 |
MDC005247.512 | T/C | Ribosomal protein S4 family protein | ACAGGCTCGTGGTTTGAAGA | GGAACGACAACCATTGCACG | 144 |
MDC005247.512 | G/A | Ribosomal protein S4 family protein | CAAGCCTTCGTCTGGACCTC | CGGTCCTCACTTTCCCATCA | 149 |
MDC005445.136 | C/T | pyrophosphorylase 4 | GCATGAGTGGGTGAAGGTCA | CGGCGCTTCTTTGAGGACTA | 139 |
MDC005694.146 | A/G | Rubredoxin-like superfamily protein | TGCAGAGGATGAGCATGATG | CCATCCGGTCCAATTCAGGG | 148 |
MDC005697.432 | G/C | tubulin alpha-2 chain | GGAAATGAGCTGCTCAGGGT | CACCTTCTTCTCCGAGACCG | 133 |
MDC005923.474 | G/A | 20S proteasome beta subunit E1 | GCCCGAACCAACAGAAAACC | ATCCTCGTTTGAGTGCAGGG | 90 |
MDC006455.356 | A/G | homology to ABI1 | TGGGTCTACAGCTGTCGTTG | TCAGTACGCCATAAACACATGC | 147 |
MDC007040.105 | C/T | citrate synthase 2 | TTGTGAGTGCGATGAGTGCT | GCATCGAACAATGGACCCCT | 138 |
MDC007099.161 | T/A | UDP-D-galactose 4-epimerase 1 | GAGCCCCGACAGGATTGAAG | AGGGATGCATCCTTTGTCTTCT | 138 |
MDC007394.373 | C/T | O-Glycosyl hydrolases family 17 protein | ATTTTGCCACGCACCACTTC | CGTTGTGTGATTTAGGATGGTGC | 118 |
MDC008133.431 | G/A | Protein of unknown function (DUF581) | GGTAACACACCGTTTTGCAGT | ACGGTTTTGTTAGCGGTGGA | 137 |
MDC008385.321 | C/T | glyoxylate reductase 1 | ACCGGAATGACGCACAAGAA | GCATTCTTGAGCAGATTTGTGC | 147 |
MDC009092.100 | A/G | stromal cell-derived factor 2-like protein | GATCTCGACACTGGCTACGC | GTACGTGACCTGCCCAGATC | 144 |
MDC009177.321 | A/G | tripeptidyl peptidase ii | ACTTCGAAGGTAGTCAAGGCC | TCTCAAGGAAGATGCAGGAA | 142 |
MDC009229.176 | T/C | IQ-domain 21 | CAACAGCAATGGCATGGCTT | TGAGCATTTTCCAGCGGAGA | 113 |
MDC009297.162 | A/G | actin 7 | CCTGTAGTACGCCCACTAGC | TGAATCCTAAGGCCAACAGGG | 121 |
MDC009552.126 | A/G | Pyruvate kinase family protein | AACTGGCATTGTGGGTCGAT | ATTCTGGTGGGTGCATTTGG | 132 |
MDC010328.215 | T/C | Class II aaRS and biotin synthetases | TGCGAAGGAAAAACGAGATGC | TCATCACACCAAGGAGCCAA | 105 |
MDC010706.416 | T/A | Late Embryogenesis Abundant 4-5 | TTGGTCGCATTCCCACCTAC | TCACCAGATGTCCGCACTTC | 150 |
MDC010707.221 | T/A | EamA-like transporter family protein | AGATGATGCAAATCGCCTTTG | GGAGCATCTTTGGTTCCATTGC | 92 |
MDC011159.221 | A/G | RING/U-box superfamily protein | GAACGAGAATGCGACAACGG | TGCTTGTTCCCCCGATTTCA | 148 |
MDC011198.306 | T/G | Leucine-rich repeat protein kinase | TTGGGACGGATGTTTACCCG | CCGAGATTCGCAAGTCCAGT | 101 |
MDC011283.417 | T/C | intergenic | CCATGACGAAACCGAATCGC | TGGGATTTGATGATTTGGGTGT | 122 |
MDC011443.229 | T/C | regulatory particle AAA-ATPase 2A | GTGGGAGCTCAACTGCTTCT | GGTGCTTTCTGTTGTTGGGC | 149 |
MDC011610.336 | C/T | heteroglycan glucosidase 1 | CATCCAGCAGAGCGGTACTC | TTCATGTGGTGATTGCAGGG | 97 |
MDC011703.39 | T/A | MDP0000775972:cds | GAACCGGTTTCGACTCCACA | GGTGTCCGAGGAGGTTGAAG | 122 |
MDC011914.230 | A/G | Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) family protein | ATTGATACGCAGGCGGCTTA | TCGTTTCCAGTTCTCTGAAAA | 116 |
MDC012026.355 | T/G | chlorsulfuron/imidazolinone resistant 1 | ACCCAGCAAATGAGTCGGAG | TACGGACCAGGAGTGTCCAA | 136 |
MDC012278.208 | G/A | intergenic | AGGATTCATCTGTTCTGGCACA | CACAGATCAAGACGAGGCCA | 121 |
MDC013249.318 | A/T | Protein kinase superfamily protein | ACGTGATCAGCTTGCGAAGA | CTTGGCGGAACATGGTGTTG | 123 |
MDC013437.191 | G/A | intergenic | TCTTCCGAACCTCCTTTGGC | TGCTGGACATGGGGTTTGAA | 108 |
MDC013823.203 | T/C | Protein of unknown function (DUF506) | TGTTCTTTTGCAGAGGCCGA | GCCGCCAAGAAATGCATGAA | 99 |
MDC013824.133 | C/G | ATPase E1-E2 type family protein | GGACCTACCTTGAGACATAACT | ATGCTTCATTCTCCGGCCAA | 139 |
MDC013836.179 | T/C | Inorganic H pyrophosphatase | AACGTGCACGAGTGGTTTTG | CTGGAGGCGCATGGGATAAT | 118 |
MDC013836.179 | A/G | Inorganic H pyrophosphatase | GCATACCAGTTCTTGACAGCC | CAGTGAGATCGAACCCGCTT | 150 |
MDC013848.311 | C/T | Protein of unknown function (DUF581) | CTTTGCCGTGGCCAAGATTC | TTTTCTCCCGGCAGGAAGTC | 97 |
MDC015282.549 | C/T | cystatin B | ACCCTCCTGACCTTTTCCTT | TTTCGCCTTCACAACCCTCA | 122 |
MDC015470.252 | G/A | RELA/SPOT homolog 3 | TCTGTGCAAGAGTATCCTGCA | GAACCCGTACGGAGTCCATC | 90 |
MDC016054.80 | A/C | UDP-Glycosyltransferase | TCCTTGATGTATGGAGCAGGA | CACGGGGATGTTCCTGTCAA | 136 |
MDC016112.100 | T/C | Stabilizer of iron transporter SufD | ATGACAGGTTGTGGCCTCAC | CCAGTTACAGTGCCCCTCTG | 138 |
MDC016219.172 | C/A | Adenine nucleotide alpha hydrolases | AGAGTCGCAGCACTCTTTGG | AGGATGAAATTTTGAAGAAGCAA | 87 |
MDC016248.191 | A/T | methyltransferases superfamily protein | CCTGCTCTTAATGCATTCGACG | CCTGTGCTGGAAGAAGGTGA | 85 |
MDC018099.109 | A/G | nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases | AGTCTCAACCGAAAGCTCAGA | CCGACTCAATTTTCAGGTGCA | 137 |
MDC018099.109 | A/G | nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases | ACCCCTGCAAAGGTTACTGG | AAGCATGAGCACACACCTCA | 121 |
MDC018296.41 | C/T | MDP0000261713:cds | GTATCACCGGCATCCAGCTT | GCATGAAAAGGAAATGCCAGC | 144 |
MDC018954.138 | T/G | zinc finger superfamily protein | TGCATGTTCATGCCTCAGGT | CTGCAAGTGGACTGTGCATG | 89 |
MDC019089.170 | G/A | Transducin family protein | TGGGACATGGACAACACTCA | CGAGGGCTTGCCTAGGAATT | 149 |
MDC019312.167 | T/G | coatomer gamma-2 subunit | CACTCTGCCTGTCAGGTCAT | AACTGCAGGGATGCCTTCTG | 150 |
MDC019581.293 | A/G | Protein kinase superfamily protein | CGTCAAGCTTCTTCACTGCC | CTGTGGAGGAGCTGAAAGAGA | 129 |
MDC021673.67 | T/G | intergenic | GAGGAGATCCAGCCTTCTGC | ACCTGAAATGAAATGGCTGGT | 96 |
MDC021750.166 | A/G | GTP binding Elongation factor | GGCTCACCTTGTTGCAGCAG | CGGAGGTTTTGAAGCCGGTA | 110 |
MDC022126.96 | A/C | GTP-binding protein | TAGCCTGTTGATGCTGGTGC | CAGCTTCCCGGGCTTCTATC | 137 |
MDC022171.193 | A/T | Protein kinase superfamily protein | TTTGCAAAACTATTCCGCAG | AGACTTTGCTGTCCACGAGG | 143 |
MDC022588.206 | A/G | NADP-malic enzyme 4 | ACTCTAGTTCTTGAACCCGGT | TTCCAGGTTTGGCTACTCGC | 144 |
MDC022716.123 | C/T | translation initiation factor 3B1 | CGATCCTGCTCGCTCAAGAA | AAGGCCACCATCATTGCTGA | 123 |
MDC022728.65 | T/C | Protein of unknown function (DUF3506) | AATCCACGGTTAGACTGGCG | TGCTGGCCAGGTTTATAGCT | 145 |
MDC023119.21 | C/G | ENTH/VHS family protein | GGTGGAGAACAGACAGGCAA | TTGGGTTCTCAGTTGCAGCA | 145 |
MDC037826.18 | A/G | UDP-glucosyl transferase 88A1 | TGAAATCCTTGCTCCCGGAC | CACAAACCCACCCACTGAGT | 116 |
MDC039955.18 | C/T | NADH-dependent glutamate synthase 1 | AAAATTTGCAGGAGAACACTG | AACCCGACCAGTAAACTCGG | 140 |
Toan Khac Nguyen ・Jin Hee Lim
J Plant Biotechnol 2021; 48(3): 139-147Yu Jin Jung・Joung Soon Park ・Ji Yun Go ・Hyo Ju Lee ・Jin Young Kim・Ye Ji Lee ・Ki Hong Nam ・ Yong-Gu Cho ・Kwon Kyoo Kang
J Plant Biotechnol 2021; 48(3): 124-130Sora Jin ・Seounggun Bang ・Min-A Ahn ・Kyubin Lee ・Kyunghwan Kim・Tae Kyung Hyun
J Plant Biotechnol 2021; 48(2): 100-105
Journal of
Plant BiotechnologyHRM analysis of 10 red flesh apple cultivars (Redfield, Jay Darling, Pink Wood, Makamilk, May Pole, Okanagan, Red Flesh,